Oligopolistic Companies and How They Compete - 1234 Words

Oligopolistic is a market structure which under the imperfect competition. According to Sloman Garratt, oligopoly is only few large firms share a large portion of industry and control the market. When we hear that a term about â€Å"Big three†, â€Å"Big four† or â€Å"Big five† it can be set down as oligopolistic industry. In the oligopoly market competition, depends on the firms produce homogeneous or differentiated products and it will be categorize as homogeneous oligopoly or differentiated oligopoly. As Mcconell Brue, 2008 stated because of the small number of firms, oligopolistic have worthy of consideration command over the prices and they have to think about their competitors conceivable reaction to their product`s price, product`s quality, advertising outlays and so on. The few large firms are interdependent but they have to always be awake of competitor`s action to maintain their firm can stand strong in the industries. Oligopolistic have a strong bar riers of entry for the new competitors, which alike and dedicative by the pure monopoly. According to Jackson, Mclver Wilson stated oligopolistic industries have a large economies of scale have to be consider for the new competitors because they must have a large amount of capital to invest heavy on the technology in the beginning, and this is the prevention of new competitors can easily enter to the industry. Furthermore, there are many industries are counted as oligopolistic for instance mining, steel, soft drinks, airlines,Show MoreRelatedThe Merger Of U.s. Airways And American Airlines1170 Words   |  5 PagesAirlines, most people would now agree we are living in the age of airline oligopoly. Oligopolies form when there’s a state of restricted competition, and new companies cannot break into the industry for reasons like high-entry costs or government restrictions. This is the condition of the airline industry, today. In order to breach the oligopolistic nature of the airline industry, airlines must be able to break through high barriers to entry such as: retaining substantial capital requirements, havingRead MoreCereal: the Manufacturing Industry1164 Words   |  5 Pagesvast industry stems from the late 1800s when John Harvey Kellogg and C. W. Post began cereal production in Battle Creek, Michigan (Topher). Today, numerous types and varieties of cereal line the grocery store shelves. However, only a few select companies make every one of those different kinds of cereal. There are four different categories into which economists classify industries. These categories are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each of these fourRead MoreOligoplistic Markets in Terms of Structure and Market Conduct808 Words   |  4 PagesOligopolistic markets, such as supermarkets or car manufacturing, can be defined in terms of market structure or in terms of market conduct. An oligopolistic market is one that has several dominant firms with the power to influence the market they are in; an example of this could be the supermarket industry which is dominated by several firms such as Tesco, Sainsbury’s, and Waitrose etc... Furthermore an oligopolistic market can be defined in terms of its structure and its conduct, which involveRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Uk Supermarket Sector1600 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION: Second part of this report will evaluate arguments and present conclusions about the UK supermarket sector being described as oligopolistic and how oligopolistic markets often suffer from collusion. This report will present findings if UK supermarket sector is oligopolistic or otherwise. 2.0 FINDINGS: 3.0 Market structures: Market structures are classified with regards to the competition – either their presence or absence. There are different types of market structures: perfectRead MoreForms of Industrial Organziation1432 Words   |  6 Pagesrespects: the number of firms in the industry, whether those firms produce a standardized product or try to differentiate their products from those of other firms, and how easy or how difficult it is for firms to enter the industry (McConnell Brue, 2004). This paper further defines each market structure and provides an example of a company representing each market structure. Monopoly A monopoly exists when a specific individual or an enterprise has sufficient control over a particularRead MoreCoca Cola As A Multinational Beverage Company Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational beverage company that deals with manufacturing, retailing, and marketing. In addition, Coca-Cola Company markets its products and distributes to various retailers all over the world. The company came into being about one hundred and thirty years ago (Eldred, 2008). The organization is best known for its lead item Coca-Cola, created in 1886 by drug specialist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia. The Coca-Cola recipe and brand was purchasedRead MoreMarket Structure Of The Uk Supermarket Sector1527 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Second part of this report will evaluate arguments and present conclusions about the UK supermarket sector being described as oligopolistic and how oligopolistic markets often suffer from collusion. This report will present findings if UK supermarket sector is oligopolistic or otherwise. 2.0 FINDINGS: Market structures: Market structures are classified with regards to the competition – either their presence or absence. There are different types of market structures: perfect competitionRead MoreMarket Structure of Petrol Companies952 Words   |  4 PagesPetrol companies have the market structure of an oligopoly. An oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few dominant firms whose behavior is interdependent. There are a few dominant firms relative to market size, and they each command a large proportion of the market share, thus having strong monopoly power. Examples of petrol companies include Shell, Caltex and Exxon Mobil. Their demand curve is downward sloping, meaning that they are price setters. Petrol is a homogeneous product, henceRead More Laptops - Dell, Apple, HP Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesLaptops - Dell, Apple, HP Supply is the amount of a product suppliers are willing to make and sell at a number of possible prices. The firm that I have chosen are a multinational company called ?Dell?. My firm that I have chosen to use produces many products such as; computers, handheld computers, laptops, printers, mouse and keyboards, flat monitor screens. It also sells computer accessories and separate repair parts like; hard-disks, DVD-RW drives. It sells products like CD-RW and DVD-RWRead MoreEssay about The Structure of Australia’s Banking Industry1252 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure, performance and conduct of banks are important as they ensure that they act competitively, however in Australia the market is dominated by four major banks threatening competition. The structure in the Australian banking industry is fairly oligopolistic, decreasing the amount of competition evident in the market. Performance of the dominating banks has shown an increase in the profitability and return of assets compared to international banks in a freer market. Through minimal competition, the

Study Guide/Outline Chapter 1 - 1435 Words

PART 1 PUTTING CORRECTIONS IN PERSPECTIVE Chapter 1 The History of Crime and Corrections CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Define the term corrections, and know how correctional agencies fulfill their mission of protecting society. 2. Identify how corrections can impact the crime rate by understanding the concept of the correctional funnel. 3. Outline the growth of corrections over the past two decades, and describe why the scope of correctional budgets, staffing, and clients makes it important for students to study corrections. 4. Contrast the Classical School with the Positive School of Criminology. 5. Describe the role of William Penn and the Pennsylvania Quakers in†¦show more content†¦The Walnut Street Jail—A wing was set aside in 1790 for convicted offenders, with a regimen of hard work and doing penance for their offences; hence, the creation of the term â€Å"penitentiary.† 16. The Pennsylvania System 3. The basis of these two prisons’ operation was the same as the Walnut Street Jail, to emphasize the opportu nity for prisoners to reform themselves through hard work while reflecting on their crimes. 4. Known as the â€Å"separate and silent† system 17. The Auburn System 5. An effort to improve on the problems that plagued the Pennsylvania System 6. Allowed prisoners to congregate during the day to work in factories to improve the production of goods which would be resold and cover some of the prison operational costs 8. Prisons Throughout the Last Two Centuries 18. Impact of Maconochie, Crofton, and the Irish Systems 19. The Reformatory Era—1870-1910 20. The Industrial Prison—1910-1935 21. The Period of Transition—1935-1960 7. Ending the â€Å"hands-off doctrine† 22. The Rehabilitative Era—1960-1980 8. The medical model of corrections 9. Reintegration 10. Martinsons conclusion that â€Å"nothing works† 23. Retributive Era—1980s to current 9. The Sentencing Goals of Corrections 24. 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Pepsi vs. Coca Cola Free Essays

As a result, the company has no difficulty in borrowing money since creditors prefer lending money to liquid firms. Long Term Solvency * The total debt ratio has decreased by 12. 863% because total assets have increased more than total debt. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi vs. Coca Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now * The debt-equity ratio has decreased by 31. 25% since the company’s total equity has increased. * The Equity Multiplier has decreased by 20. 202% as a result of the increase in total assets. * Overall, the company has become less solvent, and its leverage has decreased as a result of the increase in total assets and equity.In this regard, the company is in a good position and can pay off its long-term debt as it becomes due. Asset Management * The inventory turnover has decreased by 4. 839% because the inventory increased and the cost of goods sold decreased. * The day’s sales in inventory have increased by 5. 080 % since the inventory turnover rate has decreased. This is an indicator that extra inventory is lying around and that more unnecessary expenses may occur. * The receivable turnover ratio has increased by 1. 192% because of the decrease in sales and the decrease in account receivable.The company collected more sales in 2009 than in the previous year. * Therefore, in order to further improve Pepsi’s management of assets, the company can increase its sales, thereby increasing its receivables turnover, as well as minimize the cost of goods sold. Profitability * The company’s profit margin has increased by 18. 182% due to the increase in net income and the decrease in sales. * Return on assets has also increased by 7. 143% due to the increase in total assets being larger than the increase in net income. * The 16. 67% decrease in the company’s return on equity was caused by the rise of total equity which was larger than the increase in net income. * Overall, the company has increasing in profitability due to increased sales and thus higher revenue. However, equity increased more than net income, resulting in a negative ROE between 2008 and 2009 Valuation * The earnings per share have increased by 17. 445%, meaning that the market value of the stock has increased between 2008 and 2009. * The price earnings ratio has dropped by 5. 510%, meaning that investors in 2009 were willing to pay slightly less per dollar of earnings than in 2008. The price sales ratio has increased slightly by 0. 8% between 2008 and 2009, meaning that the Pepsi’s stock has improved slightly based on its own past performance. * Overall, despite the drop in price earnings ratio, Pepsi has increased the value of its stock. By increasing investor incentives and demand, Pepsi can also regain positive numbers in its future price earnings ratios Part Two: Coca Cola Coca Cola was chosen as the benchmark company because not only is it categorized within the same food and beverage industry segment as Pepsi, it is also a leading company in this industry. Ratio Analysis: Coca Cola COCA COLA RATIOS:| | 2009| 2008| Percent Change (%)| Liquidity| Current Ratio| 1. 27| 0. 93| 36. 559| | Cash Ratio| 0. 67| 0. 38| 76. 316| | NWC to Total Assets| 0. 078| -0. 02| -490. 000| | | | | | Solvency| Total Debt Ratio | 0. 490477| 0. 494756| -0. 865| | Debt Equity Ratio| 0. 092| 0. 135| -31. 852| | Equity Multiplier| 1. 96| 1. 97| -0. 508| | | | | | Asset Management| Inventory turnover| 4. 71| 5. 2| -9. 423| | Days’ Sales in Inventory| 77. 49| 70. 19| 10. 400| | Receivables Turnover| 8. 24| 10. 33| -20. 232| | | | | |Profitability| Profit Margin (PM)| 0. 22| 0. 18| 22. 222| | Return on Assets (ROA)| 0. 14| 0. 143| -2. 098| | Return on Equity (ROE)| 0. 27| 0. 28| -3. 571| | | | | | Valuation| Earnings Per Share (EPS)| 2. 95| 2. 51| 17. 530| | Price-Earnings (PE) Ratio| 19. 32| 24. 30| -20. 494| | Price-Sales Ratio| 4. 85725| 4. 729334| 2. 705| Short Term Liquidity * The current ratio increased by about 36. 5% because the increase in current assets is significantly larger than the increase in current liabilities. * The NWC to total assets has increased as a result of the increase in total assets. The cash ratio has increased in 2009 by 76. 316% since the increase in cash was larger than the increase in current liabilities. * The increase in cash and current assets has rendered the company more liquid. Similar to Pepsi, Coca- Cola won’t face difficulties in borrowing money as high liquidity is an attribute creditors analyze when lending to firms. Long Term Solvency * The total debt ratio decreased by 0. 865% because of an increase in total assets. * The debt-equity ratio has declined by 31. 852% as a result of the increase in total equity and the increase in total debt. The company’s equity multiplier has decreased by 0. 508% due to the increase in total assets accompanied with a smaller increase in total equity. * Overall, the company has become less solvent because its total equity and total assets have increased. * Improving the solvency of the company would involve increasing its debt by taking out more loans and increasing the company’s assets through the purchase of capital or an increase in sales. Asset Management * The company’s inventory turnover rate decreased by 9. 423% since the cost of goods sold has decreased and the inventory increased.Inventory was transferred into sales less rapidly in 2009 than in the previous year. * Days’ sales in inventory for the firm increased by 10. 4% because inventory turnover rate has increased. Although there was a rise in the days’ sales in inventory, the increase is smaller than that of Pepsi. Therefore Pepsi was selling more inventory than Coca Cola. * The receivables turnover rate has decreased by 20. 232% because of the increase in accounts receivable and the decrease in sales. Therefore, with a lower receivables turnover, the company is not operating as effectively as the previous year. The ratios show that the company did not improve its asset management; thus, Coca Cola could further enhance its asset management by increasing sales. Profitability * Coca Cola’s profit margin increased by about 22. 2% because of the decline in sales and the increase in net income. * The company’s return on assets (ROA) fell by 2. 098% since the increase in total assets was greater than the increase in net income. * The return on equity (ROE) of the firm has declined by 3. 571% due to the increase in total equity which was greater than the increase in net income. * The company, therefore, has shown an increase in profitability.This was caused primarily by the rise in net income. By increasing sales, the company can increase its revenues and, accordingly, raise its net income. Valuation * Earnings per share increased by 17. 53% meaning that Coca Cola was selling shares for 0. 44$ more in 2009 than in 2008. Thus, Coca Cola has increased the value of its shares. * The Price Earnings Ratio has decreased by about 20. 5% since the market value has dropped somewhat between 2008 and 2009. * The price sales ratio has increased by about 2. 7%, this means that investors are expecting relatively higher growth from Coca Cola in the future because the 2. % increase indicates that Coca Cola is doing relatively better compared to its past performance. * Coca Cola has shown an increase in earnings per share and price sales ratio, despite a drop in the price earnings ratio, by increasing sales and stimulating consumer and investor demand, Coca Cola can continue to increase all three. Part Three: Recommendations and Comparison between Pepsi and Coca Cola Since 2008, both Pepsi and Coca Cola have increased their overall liquidity; neither firm will face any significant issues if they should need to borrow in the future, as liquidity is a major factor considered by lenders. Both Coca Cola and Pepsi have become less solvent; this was due to the increase in total assets and equity, without a similar increase in liabilities. This decrease in solvency is on the one hand a benefit, as it means the companies are both able to pay off debts as they come due, however, low solvency can also be an issue as it indicates low financial leverage. A way to mitigate this problem would be for both firms to acquire more debt, thereby increasing liabilities and thus increasing solvency. In terms of asset management, Pepsi did slightly better than Coca Cola between 2008 and 2009.While Coca Cola was unable to increase sales relative to its increasing accounts receivables, Pepsi, on the other hand, was still able to keep its receivables turnover slightly increasing between 2008 and 2009. Both Pepsi and Coca Cola saw profitability increase between 2008 and 2009, however, return on equity for both companies decreased during the year because equity increased and a disproportiona te rate compared to net income. To remedy this, both companies could be less apt to increase equity at such a high rate compared to net income. In terms of market value, both Pepsi and Coca Cola had overall increases in their share value. However, both companies endured decreases in their price earnings ratio (Coca Cola almost five times less than that of Pepsi), meaning that investors, between 2008 and 2009 were willing to invest less per share in both companies. Overall, between 2008 and 2009, despite enduring similar trends, Pepsi fared slightly better in terms of asset management, profitability and market value in comparison to Coca Cola’s performance References: Google Finance Investopedia. com Moneycentral. msn. com How to cite Pepsi vs. Coca Cola, Papers

Human Resource Training for Real Home Electronics Company Limited

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Training for Real Home Electronics Company Limited. Answer: Project definition and scope The project report is based on Real home of Electronics Company limited, one of the largest electronics supplying company in the world based in the United States which carried out a general training of its employees to increase on their techniques and skills. The company has a team of employees who supply and distribute the company products to the respective clients/ products both online and physically stores (Rosacker and Rosacker 2010, p.590). By organizing this training, the company was able to improve on the skills of its employees to meet the professionalism in relation to their respective department or field of operation. The training also helped in developing mentoring the interpersonal skills to meet the demands of many clients who need to access the company services from its offices (Davis and Venkatesh 2004, p.40). Project life cycle For the project to be completed, it passed through the following process; The project manager and the project team first defined the project scope, described the schedule and analyzed the costs that were likely to be incurred before the project execution began. The project plan was developed by describing different phases which the project underwent and identifying the beginning and ending date of each phase. After the completion of the phases, all the exercises done during the project were analyzed and the general meeting was held for the closure of the project (Nolan and McFarlan 2005, p.96). Unique feature of IT management The project managed well its information technology and the following were the features of the management of the IT. Software management; in the project, the intangible component were managed in the human resource training project by following the complete procedures of development from requirement gathering to maintenance according to the methodology that were chosen. Hardware installation; this was done by choosing hardware configuration that were compatible to the applications that were to be installed in accordance to the user demands. Network upgrading; this was done by improving on the network performance during the project development. Cloud computing; in IT management, this was essential to let the team use files and applications over the internet. Scope management During the implementation of the project, the scope was defined, documented and approved by the appropriate personnel who were responsible, that is the project manager and the project team members. It was protected from unauthorized changes which would be edited, approved and validated by the project stakeholders with different intentions. There was a lay down of the work that was to be done to ensure the deliverance of the service in the project and the scope statement was broken into smaller and more manageable components (Chen and Popovich 2003, p.680) Time management The project manager and team members clearly drew a schedule of how the time would be managed during the execution of the project and identified how different activities were to be executed in a specific duration indicating the start and end date. Below is the time management schedule for Real home of Electronic limited during the execution of the human resource training project which took over 60 days; ACTIVITY DURATION START AND END DATE Publication of the project proposal to all the companys employees 2 days 1/5/2017-2/5/2017 Selecting the project management team and presenting the team to the human resource office of the company 13 days 3/5/2017-16/5/2017 Designing the project scope by the project manager and the team 3 days 17/5/2017-19/5/2017 Defining the aims and the objectives of carrying out the project by the project management team 2 days 20/5/2017- 22/5/2017 Announcing of the Beginning of the training 1 day 30th May 2017 Implementation of the project 30 days 31/6/2017-29/6/2017 Project closure 2 days 29/6/2017- 30/6/2017 Cost management The project management team kept track of the cost that were likely to be incurred during the project execution as it was a basic key for the project success. They determined the efficiency and value enhancement and therefore the project team acknowledged the activities that were due to take place and estimated the resources that were needed to complete these activities with the aim of fulfilling the project desirable goals and objectives. In this, the team made use of the work breakdown structure (WBS) in a critical analysis and evaluated the costs that were likely to come up during the project execution as follows; Activity to take place estimated cost Organizing different meetings to select the project team-------------------------------------- 3,000$ Purchasing equipment for training such as computers, Installing software------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20,000$ Hiring experts and consultants---------------------------------------------------------------- 40,000$ Other costs during the Training--------------------------------------------------------------- 10,000$ Total 73,000$ Quality management Quality was managed by setting the standards, goals, and expectations of the outcome of the project and the project team followed the quality management process, that is to say, quality planning, quality assurance review and quality control where, likely expected risks were handled by monitoring, forecasting and overseeing all the tasks and activities that would take place in the project management plan. For the purpose of quality management, the project team broke down tasks into smaller units which were easily managed (Melville et al 2004, p.300). Human resource management During the project, the human resource was managed by assigning each stakeholder different roles and activities as follows; The board of directors were responsible to make decisions for the running of the project. The project executive director was responsible for passing the decision made by board of directors. The project sponsor was responsible for providing the funds used in implementing the project. The managers for example functional managers were responsible to head the project execution. Communication management During the development of the project, Communication was managed by planning, monitoring, controlling and revising all communication channels within the project by realizing the importance of effective communication for the stakeholders and the need of exchanging information with them and providing an efficient two way communication in the project. The manager was responsible for limiting communication to a certain extent (Carvalho et al. 2003, p.260). Risk management Being a large scope project, it was likely to face some risks such as inadequate funds to hire experts to do the training of the employees, purchasing equipment and scholastic materials among others. The project management handled these risks by identifying, recognizing and describing these risks, after identification, the risks were analyzed to know how they can affect the project, they were then evaluated and tested and finally the team monitored and reviewed the risks and proposed a solution to reduce their effects on the project (Tohidi 2011). Procurement management The project team managed procurement by purchasing the equipment from outside suppliers and receipts for those requirements were processed, approved and reviewed. For this purpose, procurement were conducted, controlled and closed (Kerzner 2013). This was done by collecting seller response and approving contracts, monitoring contracts and completing the project procurement. Project failure and success Like any other project, this human resource training project registered some failures and success as it is discussed below Successes Project sponsors; there was acquisition of sponsors who invested in the project and reduced on the costs required to complete the work. The executive director of the company was able to approve the proposal of hiring the experts/ consultants to undertake training of the human resource given the fact that there was need to improve on the quality of services offered to the customers (Burke 2013). Realistic project schedule; the project team made a schedule of time, budget of resources which enabled the completion in an appropriate time. Expert project manager. It is typically true that the success of any project depends on the ability of the project manager to effectively coordinate the execution of different project activities. It can therefore be registered as an achievement as there is guarantee of the project success (Schwalbe 2015). Failures; Wrong team organization, the project got some failures due to the poor selection of the project management team for example managers who have got inadequate experience in project management, however this was reduced by drawing a team organizational chart and removing some of the wrong person involved in the work Poor motivation; the selection of poor motivated team limited the success of the project and this was reduced by the provision of attitude and motivation towards the work to be done. Wrong methodology; the project success was also limited by wrong method used in implementing the project which made the team to call up other project teams in different companies to always choose a suitable methodology. Environmental aspects; the environment sometimes limited the training such as the winter which likely made some of the project objectives unreachable (Robbins et al. 2008) Conclusion After the above assessment, there was an analysis of every activity that took place in the project and the manager drew a report for the whole work done and called a general meeting of the board of directors and the project team for closing the project work. References Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Carvalho, M.M., Laurindo, F.J. and Pessa, M.S.P., 2003. Information Technology Project management to achieve efficiency in Brazilian Companies.Managing Globally with Information Technology, Hershey, pp.260-271. Chen, I.J. and Popovich, K., 2003. Understanding customer relationship management (CRM) People, process and technology.Business process management journal,9(5), pp.672-688. Davis, F.D. and Venkatesh, V., 2004. Toward preprototype user acceptance testing of new information systems: implications for software project management.IEEE Transactions on Engineering management,51(1), pp.31-46. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Melville, N., Kraemer, K. and Gurbaxani, V., 2004. Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value.MIS quarterly,28(2), pp.283-322. Nolan, R. and McFarlan, F.W., 2005. Information technology and the board of directors.Harvard business review,83(10), p.96. Robbins, S.P., DeCenzo, D.A. and Coulter, M.K., 2008.Fundamentals of management: Essential concepts and applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Rosacker, K.M. and Rosacker, R.E., 2010. Information technology project management within public sector organizations.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,23(5), pp.587-594. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Tohidi, H., 2011. Human Resources Management main role in Information Technology project management.Procedia Computer Science,3, pp.925-929. Tohidi, H., 2011. Review the benefits of using value engineering in information technology project management.Procedia Computer Science,3, pp.917-924.